Mittwoch, 15.11.2006
Prosody - Definition
Definition 1: Prosody
linguistics, prosody is the intonation, rhythm, and lexical stress in speech. The prosodic features of a unit of speech, whether a syllable, word, phrase, or clause, are called suprasegmental features because they affect all the segments of the unit. These features are manifested, among other things, as syllable length, tone, and stress.linguistics, intonation is the variation of pitch when speaking. Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.Greek ῥυθμός = 'flow', or in Modern Greek, 'style') is the variation of the accentuation of sounds or other events over time. "Rhythm involves patterns of duration that are phenomenally present in the music" with duration perceived by interonset interval (London 2004, p.4). When governed by rule, it is called meter. It is inherent in any time-dependent medium, but it is most associated with music, dance, and the majority of poetry. The study of rhythm, stress, and pitch in speech is called prosody; it is a topic in linguistics. All musicians, instrumentalists and vocalists, work with rhythm, but it is often considered the primary domain of drummers and percussionists.linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis given to certain syllables in a word. voice through the use of the vocal cords and vocal apparatus or other means, such as sign language, to create linguistic acts in the form of language that communicate information from an initiator to a recipient. frequency of a musical note or sound. While the actual fundamental frequency can be determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, or partials, in the sound. The human auditory perception system may also have trouble distinguishing pitch differences between notes under certain circumstances.In
Intonation:
In
Rhythm
Stress:
In
Speech
Pitch
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org (19.10.2006)
Def 2.: Prosody
What is prosody?
Source: http://www.btinternet.com/~eptotd/pow/powin.htm (19.10.2006)
Prosody and intonation cover much the same ground; as an overall term is needed, prosody will be used. Technical terms are given in bold and explained in the surrounding text.
We distinguish between prosodic functions (what the prosody does) and prosodic forms (what the prosody is).
The functions of prosody are many and fascinating. Where speech-sounds such as vowels and consonants function mainly to provide an indication of the identity of words and the regional variety of the speaker, prosody can indicate syntax, turn-taking in conversational interactions, types of utterance such as questions and statements, and people's attitudes and feelings. They can also indicate word-identity (although only occasionally, in English). We will treat a few well-defined prosodic functions such as chunking and focus.
The forms (or elements) of prosody are derived from the acoustic characteristics of speech. They include the pitch or frequency, the length or duration, and the loudness or intensity. All these forms are present in varying quantities in every spoken utterance. The varying quantities help determine the function to which listeners orient themselves in interpreting the utterance. The screens in the tutorials on prosodic forms are designed to attune your ear to these varying degrees of presence. is the perceived fundamental can be described as an act of producing (
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